NETWORKING INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What are 10Base2, 10Base5 and 10BaseT Ethernet LANs
10Base2—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling, with a contiguous cable segment length of 100 meters and a maximum of 2 segments.
10Base5—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling, with 5 continuous segments not exceeding 100 meters per
segment.
10BaseT—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling and twisted pair cabling.
2. Explain the difference between an unspecified passive open and a fully specified passive open
An unspecified passive open has the server waiting for a connection request from a client. A fully specified passive open has the server waiting for a connection from a specific client.
3. Explain the function of Transmission Control Block
A TCB is a complex data structure that contains a considerable amount of information about each connection.
4. Explain a Management Information Base (MIB)
A Management Information Base is part of every SNMP-managed device. Each SNMP agent has the MIB database that contains information about the device's status, its performance, connections, and configuration. The MIB is queried by SNMP.
5. Explain anonymous FTP and why would you use it
Anonymous FTP enables users to connect to a host without using a valid login and password. Usually, anonymous FTP uses a login called anonymous or guest, with the password usually requesting the user's ID for tracking purposes only. Anonymous FTP is used to enable a large number of users to access files on the host without having to go to the trouble of setting up logins for them all. Anonymous FTP systems usually have strict controls over the areas an anonymous user can access.
6. Explain a pseudo tty
A pseudo tty or false terminal enables external machines to connect through Telnet or rlogin. Without a pseudo tty, no connection can take place.
7. Explain REX
What advantage does REX offer other similar utilities?
8. What does the Mount protocol do?
The Mount protocol returns a file handle and the name of the file system in which a requested file resides. The message is sent to the client from the server after reception of a client's request.
9. Explain External Data Representation
External Data Representation is a method of encoding data within an RPC message, used to ensure that the data is not system-dependent.
10. Explain the Network Time Protocol?
11. BOOTP helps a diskless workstation boot. How does it get a message to the network looking for its IP address and the location of its operating system boot files?
BOOTP sends a UDP message with a subnetwork broadcast address and waits for a reply from a server that gives it the IP address. The same message might contain the name of the machine that has the boot files on it. If the boot image location is not specified, the workstation sends another UDP message to query the server.
12. Explain a DNS resource record
A resource record is an entry in a name server's database. There are several types of resource records used, including name-to-address resolution information. Resource records are maintained as ASCII files.
13. What protocol is used by DNS name servers?
DNS uses UDP for communication between servers. It is a better choice than TCP because of the improved speed a connectionless protocol offers. Of course, transmission reliability suffers with UDP.
14. Explain the difference between interior and exterior neighbor gateways
Interior gateways connect LANs of one organization, whereas exterior gateways connect the organization to the outside world.
15. Explain the HELLO protocol used for
The HELLO protocol uses time instead of distance to determine optimal routing. It is an alternative to the Routing Information Protocol.
16. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the three types of routing tables?
The three types of routing tables are fixed, dynamic, and fixed central. The fixed table must be manually modified every time there is a change. A dynamic table changes its information based on network traffic, reducing the amount of manual maintenance. A fixed central table lets a manager modify only one table, which is then read by other devices. The fixed central table reduces the need to update each
machine's table, as with the fixed table. Usually a dynamic table causes the fewest problems for a network administrator, although the table's contents can change without the administrator being aware of the change.
17. Explain a TCP connection table
18. Explain source route
It is a sequence of IP addresses identifying the route a datagram must follow. A source route may
optionally be included in an IP datagram header.
19. Explain RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
It is a simple protocol used to exchange information between the routers.
20. Explain SLIP (Serial Line Interface Protocol)
It is a very simple protocol used for transmission of IP datagrams across a serial line.
21. Explain Proxy ARP
It is using a router to answer ARP requests. This will be done when the originating host believes that a destination is local, when in fact is lies beyond router.
22. Explain OSPF
It is an Internet routing protocol that scales well, can route traffic along multiple paths, and uses knowledge of an Internet's topology to make accurate routing decisions.
23. Explain Kerberos
It is an authentication service developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Kerberos uses encryption to prevent intruders from discovering passwords and gaining unauthorized access to files.
24. Explain a Multi-homed Host
It is a host that has a multiple network interfaces and that requires multiple IP addresses is called as a Multi-homed Host.
25. Explain NVT (Network Virtual Terminal)
It is a set of rules defining a very simple virtual terminal interaction. The NVT is used in the start of a Telnet session.
26. Explain Gateway-to-Gateway protocol
It is a protocol formerly used to exchange routing information between Internet core routers.
27. Explain BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
It is a protocol used to advertise the set of networks that can be reached with in an autonomous system. BGP enables this information to be shared with the autonomous system. This is newer than EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol).
28. Explain autonomous system
It is a collection of routers under the control of a single administrative authority and that uses a common Interior Gateway Protocol.
29. Explain EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)
It is the protocol the routers in neighboring autonomous systems use to identify the set of networks that can be reached within or via each autonomous system.
30. Explain IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)
It is any routing protocol used within an autonomous system.
31. Explain Mail Gateway
It is a system that performs a protocol translation between different electronic mail delivery protocols.
32. Explain wide-mouth frog
Wide-mouth frog is the simplest known key distribution center (KDC) authentication protocol.
33. What are Digrams and Trigrams
The most common two letter combinations are called as digrams. e.g. th, in, er, re and an. The most common three letter combinations are called as trigrams. e.g. the, ing, and, and ion.
34. Explain silly window syndrome
It is a problem that can ruin TCP performance. This problem occurs when data are passed to the sending TCP entity in large blocks, but an interactive application on the receiving side reads 1 byte at a time.
35. Explain region
When hierarchical routing is used, the routers are divided into what we call regions, with each router knowing all the details about how to route packets to destinations within its own region, but knowing nothing about the internal structure of other regions.
36. Explain multicast routing
Sending a message to a group is called multicasting, and its routing algorithm is called multicast routing.
37. Explain traffic shaping
One of the main causes of congestion is that traffic is often busy. If hosts could be made to transmit at a uniform rate, congestion would be less common. Another open loop method to help manage congestion is forcing the packet to be transmitted at a more predictable rate. This is called traffic shaping.
38. Explain packet filter
Packet filter is a standard router equipped with some extra functionality. The extra functionality allows every incoming or outgoing packet to be inspected. Packets meeting some criterion are forwarded normally. Those that fail the test are dropped.
39. Explain virtual path
Along any transmission path from a given source to a given destination, a group of virtual circuits can be grouped together into what is called path.
40. Explain virtual channel
Virtual channel is normally a connection from one source to one destination, although multicast connections are also permitted. The other name for virtual channel is virtual circuit.
41. Explain logical link control
One of two sublayers of the data link layer of OSI reference model, as defined by the IEEE 802 standard. This sublayer is responsible for maintaining the link between computers when they are sending data across the physical network connection.
42. Why should you care about the OSI Reference Model
It provides a framework for discussing network operations and design.
43. Explain the difference between routable and non- routable protocols
Routable protocols can work with a router and can be used to build large networks. Non-Routable protocols are designed to work on small, local networks and cannot be used with a router
44. Explain MAU
In token Ring , hub is called Multistation Access Unit(MAU).
45. Explain 5-4-3 rule
In a Ethernet network, between any two points on the network, there can be no more than five network segments or four repeaters, and of those five segments only three of segments can be populated.
46. Explain the difference between TFTP and FTP application layer protocols
The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) allows a local host to obtain files from a remote host but does not provide reliability or security. It uses the fundamental packet delivery services offered by UDP.
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the standard mechanism provided by TCP / IP for copying a file from one host to another. It uses the services offered by TCP and so is reliable and secure. It establishes two connections (virtual circuits) between the hosts, one for data transfer and another for control information.
47. Explain the range of addresses in the classes of internet addresses
Class A 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
Class B 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
Class C 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255
Class D 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
Class E 240.0.0.0 - 247.255.255.255
48. Explain the minimum and maximum length of the header in the TCP segment and IP datagram
The header should have a minimum length of 20 bytes and can have a maximum length of 60 bytes.
49. Explain difference between ARP and RARP
The address resolution protocol (ARP) is used to associate the 32 bit IP address with the 48 bit physical address, used by a host or a router to find the physical address of another host on its network by sending a ARP query packet that includes the IP address of the receiver. The reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) allows a host to discover its Internet address when it knows only its physical address.
50. Explain ICMP
ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol, a network layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the sender. It uses the echo test / reply to test whether a destination is reachable and responding. It also handles both control and error messages.
51. What are the data units at different layers of the TCP / IP protocol suite
The data unit created at the application layer is called a message, at the transport layer the data unit created is called either a segment or an user datagram, at the network layer the data unit created is called the datagram, at the data link layer the datagram is encapsulated in to a frame and
finally transmitted as signals along the transmission media.
52. Explain Project 802
It is a project started by IEEE to set standards that enable intercommunication between equipment from a variety of manufacturers. It is a way for specifying functions of the physical layer, the data link layer and to some extent the network layer to allow for interconnectivity of major LAN protocols.
It consists of the following:
802.1 is an internetworking standard for compatibility of different LANs and MANs across protocols.
802.2 Logical link control (LLC) is the upper sublayer of the data link layer which is non-architecture-specific, that is remains the same for all IEEE-defined LANs.
Media access control (MAC) is the lower sublayer of the data link layer that contains some distinct modules each carrying proprietary information specific to the LAN product being used. The modules are Ethernet LAN (802.3), Token ring LAN (802.4), Token bus LAN (802.5).
802.6 is distributed queue dual bus (DQDB) designed to be used in MANs.
53. Explain Bandwidth
Every line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the frequency of signals it can carry. This limited range is called the bandwidth.
54. Difference between bit rate and baud rate.
Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted during one second whereas baud rate refers to the number of signal units per second that are required to represent those bits. baud rate = bit rate / N where N is no-of-bits represented by each signal shift.
55. Explain MAC address
The address for a device as it is identified at the Media Access Control (MAC) layer in the network architecture. MAC address is usually stored in ROM on the network adapter card and is unique.
56. Explain attenuation
The degeneration of a signal over distance on a network cable is called attenuation.
57. Explain cladding
A layer of a glass surrounding the center fiber of glass inside a fiber-optic cable.
58. Explain RAID
A method for providing fault tolerance by using multiple hard disk drives.
59. Explain NETBIOS and NETBEUI
NETBIOS is a programming interface that allows I/O requests to be sent to and received from a remote computer and it hides the networking hardware from applications. NETBEUI is NetBIOS extended user interface. A transport protocol designed by microsoft and IBM for the use on small subnets.
60. Explain redirector
Redirector is software that intercepts file or prints I/O requests and translates them into network requests. This comes under presentation layer.
61. Explain Beaconing
The process that allows a network to self-repair networks problems. The stations on the network notify the other stations on the ring when they are not receiving the transmissions. Beaconing is used in Token ring and FDDI networks.
62. Explain terminal emulation, in which layer it comes
Telnet is also called as terminal emulation. It belongs to application layer.
63. Explain frame relay, in which layer it comes
Frame relay is a packet switching technology. It will operate in the data link layer.
64. What do you meant by "triple X" in Networks
The function of PAD (Packet Assembler Disassembler) is described in a document known as X.3. The standard protocol has been defined between the terminal and the PAD, called X.28; another standard protocol exists between hte PAD and the network, called X.29. Together, these three recommendations are often called "triple X"
65. Explain SAP
Series of interface points that allow other computers to communicate with the other layers of network protocol stack.
66. Explain subnet
A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by a bridge or router.
67. Explain Brouter
Hybrid devices that combine the features of both bridges and routers.
68. How Gateway is different from Routers
A gateway operates at the upper levels of the OSI model and translates information between two completely different network architectures or data formats.
69. What are the different type of networking / internetworking devices
Repeater: Also called a regenerator, it is an electronic device that operates only at physical layer. It receives the signal in the network before it becomes weak, regenerates the original bit pattern and puts the refreshed copy back in to the link.
Bridges: These operate both in the physical and data link layers of LANs of same type. They divide a larger network in to smaller segments. They contain logic that allow them to keep the traffic for each segment separate and thus are repeaters that relay a frame only the side of the segment containing the intended recipent and control congestion.
Routers: They relay packets among multiple interconnected networks (i.e. LANs of different type). They operate in the physical, data link and network layers. They contain software that enable them to determine which of the several possible paths is the best for a particular transmission.
Gateways:
They relay packets among networks that have different protocols (e.g. between a LAN and a WAN). They accept a packet formatted for one protocol and convert it to a packet formatted for another protocol before forwarding it. They operate in all seven layers of the OSI model.
70. Explain mesh network
A network in which there are multiple network links between computers to provide multiple paths for data to travel.
71. Explain passive topology
When the computers on the network simply listen and receive the signal, they are referred to as passive because they don’t amplify the signal in any way. Example for passive topology - linear bus.
72. What are the important topologies for networks
BUS topology:
In this each computer is directly connected to primary network cable in a single line.
Advantages:
Inexpensive, easy to install, simple to understand, easy to extend.
STAR topology:
In this all computers are connected using a central hub.
Advantages:
Can be inexpensive, easy to install and reconfigure and easy to trouble shoot physical problems.
RING topology:
In this all computers are connected in loop.
Advantages:
All computers have equal access to network media, installation can be simple, and signal does not degrade as much as
in other topologies because each computer
regenerates it.
73. What are major types of networks and explain
Server-based network
Peer-to-peer network
Peer-to-peer network, computers can act as both servers sharing resources and as clients using the resources.
Server-based networks provide centralized control of network resources and rely on server computers to provide security and network administration
74. Explain Protocol Data Unit
The data unit in the LLC level is called the protocol data unit (PDU). The PDU contains of four fields a destination service access point (DSAP), a source service access point (SSAP), a control field and an information field. DSAP, SSAP are addresses used by the LLC to identify the protocol stacks on the receiving and sending machines that are generating and using the data. The control field specifies whether the PDU frame is a information frame (I - frame) or a supervisory frame (S - frame) or a
unnumbered frame (U - frame).
75. Explain difference between baseband and broadband transmission
In a baseband transmission, the entire bandwidth of the cable is consumed by a single signal. In broadband transmission, signals are sent on multiple frequencies, allowing multiple signals to be sent simultaneously.
76. What are the possible ways of data exchange
(i) Simplex (ii) Half-duplex (iii) Full-duplex.
77. What are the types of Transmission media
Signals are usually transmitted over some transmission media that are broadly classified in to two categories.
Guided Media:
These are those that provide a conduit from one device to another that include twisted-pair, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable. A signal traveling along any of these media is directed and is contained by the physical limits of the medium. Twisted-pair and coaxial cable use metallic that accept
and transport signals in the form of electrical current. Optical fiber is a glass or plastic cable that accepts and transports signals in the form of light.
Unguided Media:
This is the wireless media that transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor. Signals are broadcast either through air. This is done through radio communication, satellite communication and cellular telephony.
78. Explain point-to-point protocol
A communications protocol used to connect computers to remote networking services including Internet service providers.
79. What are the two types of transmission technology available
(i) Broadcast and (ii) point-to-point
80. Difference between the communication and transmission.
Transmission is a physical movement of information and concern issues like bit polarity, synchronization, clock etc. Communication means the meaning full exchange of information between two communication media.
Thursday, September 17, 2009
networking protocols interview questions
What is NetBIOS protocol?
Can you explain what the use of IGMP Protocol is?
What are the different types of host in multicasting?
Can you explain Ping and Tracert?
How do you continuously ping an IP Address?
How does Tracert actually work?
what is the use of RTP and RTCP Protocol?
Can you explain RTP in Detail?
Can you explain RTP multiplexing in detail?
Can you explain format of RTP and RTCP packets?
Can you explain RSVP?
Can you explain in detail how RSVP actually works?
Can you explain RPC (Remote Procedure Calls)?
Can you explain the RPC and Client server Architecture?
Can you explain TCP IP Protocol?
Can you explain the architecture of TCP IP Protocol?
Can you explain TCP header in detail?
Can you explain IP protocol?
Can you explain the concept of CDMA?
Can you explain the concept of DHCP?
How does DHCP work?
How can we configure DHCP?
What is DNS?
How do we control USB through a network?
What is the difference between Windows 2000 and Windows 2003?
What is a difference between a domain and workgroup?
Can you explain what the use of IGMP Protocol is?
What are the different types of host in multicasting?
Can you explain Ping and Tracert?
How do you continuously ping an IP Address?
How does Tracert actually work?
what is the use of RTP and RTCP Protocol?
Can you explain RTP in Detail?
Can you explain RTP multiplexing in detail?
Can you explain format of RTP and RTCP packets?
Can you explain RSVP?
Can you explain in detail how RSVP actually works?
Can you explain RPC (Remote Procedure Calls)?
Can you explain the RPC and Client server Architecture?
Can you explain TCP IP Protocol?
Can you explain the architecture of TCP IP Protocol?
Can you explain TCP header in detail?
Can you explain IP protocol?
Can you explain the concept of CDMA?
Can you explain the concept of DHCP?
How does DHCP work?
How can we configure DHCP?
What is DNS?
How do we control USB through a network?
What is the difference between Windows 2000 and Windows 2003?
What is a difference between a domain and workgroup?
interview questions on vpn
Can you explain the difference between trusted and untrusted
networks?
Can you define in short what VPN is?
What are the different types of VPN?
What requirements should a VPN fulfill?
How many ways are there to implement VPN architecture?
What are the different ways authentication mechanism in VPN?
Can you explain the basic of encryption in VPN?
what's the difference between Symmetric and Asymmetric cryptosystem?
what are the different symmetric algorithms?
What are the disadvantages of symmetric algorithms?
what are the different asymmetric algorithms?
Can you explain different components in PKI?
What is a digital certificate?
Can you explain tunneling?
what is the concept of HA and FA in VPN tunneling?
Can you explain VPN tunneled packet in detail?
Can you explain voluntary and compulsory tunnels?
Can you explain static and dynamic tunnels?
Can you explain encapsulating, carrier and passenger protocol?
On which layer does L2F, PPTP and L2TP operate?
Can you explain PPP protocol?
Can you explain PPP link process step by step?
Can you explain PPP packet format?
How does PPP use LCP for link control?
Can you explain PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol)?
What is GRE in PPTP?
How does PPTP encapsulate data?
Can you explain CHAP?
Can you explain PAP?
what does PPTP use for encryption and authentication?
What is a L2F protocol?
Can you explain the broader steps of how L2F establishes the tunnel?
Can you explain how L2F data tunneling process works?
How do we do encryption and authentication in L2F?
Can you explain L2TP?
Can you define LAC and LNS?
How does L2TP process?
How do we do encryption and authentication in L2TP?
Can you explain what IPSec is?
Can you give an overview of various components in IPSec?
In IPSec what is SAD, SPD and SA's?
Can you explain in a generic manner the packet of IPSec?
Can you describe the Authentication Header (AH) Protocol?
what is ESP (Encapsulating Security
Payload)?
What is Transport and Tunnel mode?
Can you explain IKE (Internet Key Exchange)?
Can you explain IKE phases?
Can you explain IKE modes?
Can you explain transport and tunnel mode in detail with datagram
packets?
networks?
Can you define in short what VPN is?
What are the different types of VPN?
What requirements should a VPN fulfill?
How many ways are there to implement VPN architecture?
What are the different ways authentication mechanism in VPN?
Can you explain the basic of encryption in VPN?
what's the difference between Symmetric and Asymmetric cryptosystem?
what are the different symmetric algorithms?
What are the disadvantages of symmetric algorithms?
what are the different asymmetric algorithms?
Can you explain different components in PKI?
What is a digital certificate?
Can you explain tunneling?
what is the concept of HA and FA in VPN tunneling?
Can you explain VPN tunneled packet in detail?
Can you explain voluntary and compulsory tunnels?
Can you explain static and dynamic tunnels?
Can you explain encapsulating, carrier and passenger protocol?
On which layer does L2F, PPTP and L2TP operate?
Can you explain PPP protocol?
Can you explain PPP link process step by step?
Can you explain PPP packet format?
How does PPP use LCP for link control?
Can you explain PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol)?
What is GRE in PPTP?
How does PPTP encapsulate data?
Can you explain CHAP?
Can you explain PAP?
what does PPTP use for encryption and authentication?
What is a L2F protocol?
Can you explain the broader steps of how L2F establishes the tunnel?
Can you explain how L2F data tunneling process works?
How do we do encryption and authentication in L2F?
Can you explain L2TP?
Can you define LAC and LNS?
How does L2TP process?
How do we do encryption and authentication in L2TP?
Can you explain what IPSec is?
Can you give an overview of various components in IPSec?
In IPSec what is SAD, SPD and SA's?
Can you explain in a generic manner the packet of IPSec?
Can you describe the Authentication Header (AH) Protocol?
what is ESP (Encapsulating Security
Payload)?
What is Transport and Tunnel mode?
Can you explain IKE (Internet Key Exchange)?
Can you explain IKE phases?
Can you explain IKE modes?
Can you explain transport and tunnel mode in detail with datagram
packets?
interview questions on firewall
Can you define what a FIREWALL is?
What are the different types of firewalls?
Can you explain packet filtering firewall?
Can you explain circuit level gateway?
Can you explain stateful inspection?
What is Application Gateway?
Is NAT a firewall?
Are personal firewall actually firewalls?
Can you explain the concept of demilitarized zone?
What is the meaning of bastion host?
What are the different types of firewall architectures?
Can you explain dual home architecture?
Can you explain screened host architecture?
Can you explain screened subnet architecture?
What is the use of perimeter area?
What is IP spoofing and how can it be prevented?
What are the different types of firewalls?
Can you explain packet filtering firewall?
Can you explain circuit level gateway?
Can you explain stateful inspection?
What is Application Gateway?
Is NAT a firewall?
Are personal firewall actually firewalls?
Can you explain the concept of demilitarized zone?
What is the meaning of bastion host?
What are the different types of firewall architectures?
Can you explain dual home architecture?
Can you explain screened host architecture?
Can you explain screened subnet architecture?
What is the use of perimeter area?
What is IP spoofing and how can it be prevented?
interview questions on routers
Can you explain the concept of DPU, Segments, Datagram, Frame and
packet?
What is IP datagram fragmentation and MTU?
Can you explain in detail with example how data fragmentation works?
Larger the IP datagram less the overhead, is it true or false?
What is the minimum size of MTU bytes?
Can you explain how optimal MTU size is calculated?
How does the IP message finally reassemble?
Can you explain the concept of Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches and
Routers?
On what layers do router , switched , bridges and hubs operate ?
Can you explain the concept of Layer 3 switches?
what are CSU, DSU and TSU?
what are the basic components of the router?
Can you explain the WAN and LAN Interface in Routers?
What are DB-15, DB-60 and RJ-45 in CISCO routers?
Can you explain the concept of TTL?
What is the concept of ICMP packets?
Which operating system does CISCO have?
Can you explain the concept of NAT?
How is NAT implemented?
Can you explain how actually NAT works?
why does collision occur in HUBS and repeaters?
Can you explain the concept of Collision domain?
What is the concept of routing tables?
what is the use of route print?
Can you explain how in detail how routing table looks like?
How can you see route tables on the router?
Can you explain the concept of static and dynamic routing?
When to use Static routes and dynamic routes?
How do you configure static routes on a router?
Can you explain static default routes?
What is the advantage of using Static default routes?
Why do workstations have route tables?
What is the concept of gateway of last resort?
Can you explain the concept of routing protocol?
What activities does routing protocol perform?
What metrics are used by routing protocols to determine the best
path?
Can you explain what is interior and exterior routing protocols?
Can you explain the concept of intradomain and interdomain routing
protocols?
Can you explain the concept of internetwork and intranetwork routing
protocols?
Which method does routing protocol use to determine shortest path?
What is distance vector routing protocol?
How do router share information in Distance Vector routing?
What is the main issue with routing by rumor?
Can you explain the count-to-infinity problem in distance vector?
How is metric or the cost calculated for Distance Vector routing
protocol?
What is the main issue with hop count metric issue?
Can you explain how Link-State routing protocols work?
Can you explain the concept of broad cast and multi-cast?
Can you tell which protocols lie in Distance vector and which in Link-
State?
What's the difference between distance vector and link-state
protocol?
Can you explain difference between Single path and Multipath?
Can you explain route summarization?
How are the series of IP combined in to one route path in route
summarization?
Can you explain RIP protocol?
How is route table populated by RIP protocol?
Can you explain convergence in networks?
Can you explain RIP timers in detail?
Can you explain routing loop issue in RIP protocol?
How do we avoid routing loop issue in RIP?
In RIP why do we have HOP count of 15?
How do we disable auto-summarization in RIP?
Can you explain IGRP?
How does IGRP work?
How many timers does IGRP have?
How does IGRP calculate metric?
Can multiple instance of IGRP run on one physical router?
How is load balancing done in IGRP?
What's the command to configure IGRP?
Can you explain EIGRP?
What does neighbor terminology mean in EIGRP?
What are different types of packets in EIGRP?
How does EIGRP protocol update route information to its neighbors?
What is the concept of successor in EIGRP?
What is DUAL in EIGRP?
Can you explain reported distance (RD), feasibility distance (FD) and
Feasibility condition (FC)?
Can you explain the concept of successor and feasible successor?
Can you explain passive and active route states?
What is SIA or stuck in active?
How do packets and timers in EIGRP work?
What are the different tables used in EIGRP?
Can you explain EIGRP metrics?
Can you explain how EIGRP finds its successor and feasible successor?
Can you explain Active and Passive route?
Can you explain OSPF?
How does OSPF populate route table?
What are the different tables in OSPF?
Can you explain different areas in OSPF?
Can you explain different router types in OSPF?
Can you explain Designated Router and Backup designated router?
Can you explain different router states in OSPF?
Can you explain different OSPF packet types?
What are the different types of OSPF timers?
How SPF algorithm does the route determination?
Can you explain autonomous system?
What are different types of dynamic protocols?
Can you explain autonomous numbers in EGP?
What is BGP?
What is the concept of BGP speakers and Peers?
What is EBGP and IBGP?
What is RIB?
Can you explain the concept of BGP confederations?
What are BGP path attributes?
What is the concept of NLRI?
How are routing neighbors discovered in BGP?
Can you explain how BGP does the decision process?
What is the concept of redistribution?
Can you explain the concept of one way redistribution and mutual
distribution?
How does metric translation takes place in redistributing routes?
packet?
What is IP datagram fragmentation and MTU?
Can you explain in detail with example how data fragmentation works?
Larger the IP datagram less the overhead, is it true or false?
What is the minimum size of MTU bytes?
Can you explain how optimal MTU size is calculated?
How does the IP message finally reassemble?
Can you explain the concept of Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches and
Routers?
On what layers do router , switched , bridges and hubs operate ?
Can you explain the concept of Layer 3 switches?
what are CSU, DSU and TSU?
what are the basic components of the router?
Can you explain the WAN and LAN Interface in Routers?
What are DB-15, DB-60 and RJ-45 in CISCO routers?
Can you explain the concept of TTL?
What is the concept of ICMP packets?
Which operating system does CISCO have?
Can you explain the concept of NAT?
How is NAT implemented?
Can you explain how actually NAT works?
why does collision occur in HUBS and repeaters?
Can you explain the concept of Collision domain?
What is the concept of routing tables?
what is the use of route print?
Can you explain how in detail how routing table looks like?
How can you see route tables on the router?
Can you explain the concept of static and dynamic routing?
When to use Static routes and dynamic routes?
How do you configure static routes on a router?
Can you explain static default routes?
What is the advantage of using Static default routes?
Why do workstations have route tables?
What is the concept of gateway of last resort?
Can you explain the concept of routing protocol?
What activities does routing protocol perform?
What metrics are used by routing protocols to determine the best
path?
Can you explain what is interior and exterior routing protocols?
Can you explain the concept of intradomain and interdomain routing
protocols?
Can you explain the concept of internetwork and intranetwork routing
protocols?
Which method does routing protocol use to determine shortest path?
What is distance vector routing protocol?
How do router share information in Distance Vector routing?
What is the main issue with routing by rumor?
Can you explain the count-to-infinity problem in distance vector?
How is metric or the cost calculated for Distance Vector routing
protocol?
What is the main issue with hop count metric issue?
Can you explain how Link-State routing protocols work?
Can you explain the concept of broad cast and multi-cast?
Can you tell which protocols lie in Distance vector and which in Link-
State?
What's the difference between distance vector and link-state
protocol?
Can you explain difference between Single path and Multipath?
Can you explain route summarization?
How are the series of IP combined in to one route path in route
summarization?
Can you explain RIP protocol?
How is route table populated by RIP protocol?
Can you explain convergence in networks?
Can you explain RIP timers in detail?
Can you explain routing loop issue in RIP protocol?
How do we avoid routing loop issue in RIP?
In RIP why do we have HOP count of 15?
How do we disable auto-summarization in RIP?
Can you explain IGRP?
How does IGRP work?
How many timers does IGRP have?
How does IGRP calculate metric?
Can multiple instance of IGRP run on one physical router?
How is load balancing done in IGRP?
What's the command to configure IGRP?
Can you explain EIGRP?
What does neighbor terminology mean in EIGRP?
What are different types of packets in EIGRP?
How does EIGRP protocol update route information to its neighbors?
What is the concept of successor in EIGRP?
What is DUAL in EIGRP?
Can you explain reported distance (RD), feasibility distance (FD) and
Feasibility condition (FC)?
Can you explain the concept of successor and feasible successor?
Can you explain passive and active route states?
What is SIA or stuck in active?
How do packets and timers in EIGRP work?
What are the different tables used in EIGRP?
Can you explain EIGRP metrics?
Can you explain how EIGRP finds its successor and feasible successor?
Can you explain Active and Passive route?
Can you explain OSPF?
How does OSPF populate route table?
What are the different tables in OSPF?
Can you explain different areas in OSPF?
Can you explain different router types in OSPF?
Can you explain Designated Router and Backup designated router?
Can you explain different router states in OSPF?
Can you explain different OSPF packet types?
What are the different types of OSPF timers?
How SPF algorithm does the route determination?
Can you explain autonomous system?
What are different types of dynamic protocols?
Can you explain autonomous numbers in EGP?
What is BGP?
What is the concept of BGP speakers and Peers?
What is EBGP and IBGP?
What is RIB?
Can you explain the concept of BGP confederations?
What are BGP path attributes?
What is the concept of NLRI?
How are routing neighbors discovered in BGP?
Can you explain how BGP does the decision process?
What is the concept of redistribution?
Can you explain the concept of one way redistribution and mutual
distribution?
How does metric translation takes place in redistributing routes?
networking basic questions
Can you define protocol?
Can you explain the concept of OSI layer?
Can you explain the different layers in OSI model?
Can you explain Application layer in OSI model?
Can you explain Presentation layer in OSI model?
Is it compulsory that compression, encryption and translation
functions will be used during communication?
Can you explain Session layer in OSI model?
What's the concept of Simplex, Half Duplex and Full Duplex dialogs?
What are the different types of dialogs in Session layer?
Can you explain Transport layer in OSI model?
Can you explain the concept of Congestion?
Can you explain Network Layer?
Can you explain Data link Layer?
Can you explain the Physical layer?
Can you explain what an IP address is?
How to convert Decimal to Binary?
How many IP addresses can come in IPV4?
Can you explain the concept of Unicast IP address?
Can you explain the concept of IP multicasting or multicast IP
address?
How many different types of subnet classful networks are present?
What are the IP address ranges for public and private IP address?
Why do we need class and how many different types of class exists?
How are the IP addresses distributed between different classes?
Can you explain what is classful IP addressing?
Can you explain the concept of subnetting?
What are the advantages of using subneting?
If the host has the subnet ID why do we need a subnet mask?
How is network address calculated from the subnet?
What is the advantage of using classless addressing over classful
addressing scheme?
Can you explain the concept of CIDR?
Twist :- Can you explain superneting ?
Can you explain concept of custom subneting?
What is the implication of increasing and decreasing subnet Bits?
Why do we need to subtract two from number of hosts?
Can you explain the concept of VLSM?
Can you explain IP protocol?
Can you explain the concept of OSI layer?
Can you explain the different layers in OSI model?
Can you explain Application layer in OSI model?
Can you explain Presentation layer in OSI model?
Is it compulsory that compression, encryption and translation
functions will be used during communication?
Can you explain Session layer in OSI model?
What's the concept of Simplex, Half Duplex and Full Duplex dialogs?
What are the different types of dialogs in Session layer?
Can you explain Transport layer in OSI model?
Can you explain the concept of Congestion?
Can you explain Network Layer?
Can you explain Data link Layer?
Can you explain the Physical layer?
Can you explain what an IP address is?
How to convert Decimal to Binary?
How many IP addresses can come in IPV4?
Can you explain the concept of Unicast IP address?
Can you explain the concept of IP multicasting or multicast IP
address?
How many different types of subnet classful networks are present?
What are the IP address ranges for public and private IP address?
Why do we need class and how many different types of class exists?
How are the IP addresses distributed between different classes?
Can you explain what is classful IP addressing?
Can you explain the concept of subnetting?
What are the advantages of using subneting?
If the host has the subnet ID why do we need a subnet mask?
How is network address calculated from the subnet?
What is the advantage of using classless addressing over classful
addressing scheme?
Can you explain the concept of CIDR?
Twist :- Can you explain superneting ?
Can you explain concept of custom subneting?
What is the implication of increasing and decreasing subnet Bits?
Why do we need to subtract two from number of hosts?
Can you explain the concept of VLSM?
Can you explain IP protocol?
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